Genetic studies: designs and best practices – the leprosy model

Evidence accumulated since the early 20th century demonstrates that host genetic factors play a determining role in susceptibility to infectious diseases. Leprosy can be a notable example and has become a model for advancing the understanding of the genetic architecture of susceptibility to infectious diseases, given the low genetic variability of Mycobacterium leprae. Observational (DNA-free) and molecular studies, such as twin studies, complex segregation analysis, and linkage and association studies, strongly suggest that the host’s genetic background influences the development of leprosy and its endophenotypes. In this context, methodological rigor is crucial to ensure the robustness of the study and the data interpretation. This article addresses good research practices and the main findings in leprosy genetics. Moreover, this editorial provides an overview of the limitations of genetics studies, the current challenges, and future directions; the goal is to promote robust genetic initiatives towards advancing the understanding of susceptibility to infectious diseases.