01639nas a2200265   4500000000100000008004100001260003800042653000800080653000900088653001100097653000800108653001000116653001600126653002000142653001700162653001600179653001500195653001100210100003200221700001200253245006700265300001200332520101100344020001801355       2023                            d  bSpringer International Publishing10aEar10aNose10aThroat10aENT10aMouth10aOral mucosa10aMucous membrane10aNasal mucosa10aNasopharynx10aOropharynx10aLarynx1 aMilanez Morgado de Abreu MA1 aDeps PD00aEar, Nose, Throat, and Mouth Alterations in Hansen’s Disease  a191-2013 a<p>Early diagnosis of Hansen’s disease is important to prevent disabilities. Involvement of ear-nose-throat (ENT) and mouth may occur in the earliest stage of the disease, and evaluation of these areas is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of Hansen’s disease. The most common signs and symptoms in these areas are those related to the nose, such as chronic rhinitis, while periodontal disease and dental loss also often occur. Long-term ENT-mouth involvement in untreated multibacillary forms of Hansen’s disease leads to the highest rates of facial alterations. Definitive facial lesions may occur such as perforation of the nasal septum, saddle nose, and rhinomaxillary syndrome. In paucibacillary forms of Hansen’s disease, ENT-mouth involvement is less commonly seen. However, regardless of the initial form of Hansen’s disease, a multidisciplinary clinical approach and systematic evaluation of patients for ENT-mouth involvement is essential in any stage of Hansen’s disease.</p>
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