01976nas a2200241   4500000000100000008004100001260001600042653005700058100001100115700001500126700001100141700001300152700001200165700001200177700001300189700001700202245011600219856007000335300001100405490000600416520129800422022001401720       2022                            d  bElsevier BV10aGeneral Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology1 aHess S1 aKendall TJ1 aPena M1 aYamane K1 aSoong D1 aAdams L1 aTruman R1 aRambukkana A00aIn vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis  uhttps://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2666-3791%2822%2900379-2  a1008200 v33 a<p>Ideal therapies for regenerative medicine or healthy aging require healthy organ growth and rejuvenation, but no organ-level approach is currently available. Using&nbsp;<em>Mycobacterium leprae</em>&nbsp;(ML) with natural partial cellular reprogramming capacity and its animal host nine-banded armadillos, we present an evolutionarily refined model of adult liver growth and regeneration. In infected armadillos, ML reprogram the entire liver and significantly increase total liver/body weight ratio by increasing healthy liver lobules, including hepatocyte proliferation and proportionate expansion of vasculature, and biliary systems. ML-infected livers are microarchitecturally and functionally normal without damage, fibrosis, or tumorigenesis. Bacteria-induced reprogramming reactivates liver progenitor/developmental/fetal genes and upregulates growth-, metabolism-, and anti-aging-associated markers with minimal change in senescence and tumorigenic genes, suggesting bacterial hijacking of homeostatic, regeneration pathways to promote&nbsp;<em>de novo</em>&nbsp;organogenesis. This may facilitate the unraveling of endogenous pathways that effectively and safely re-engage liver organ growth, with broad therapeutic implications including organ regeneration and rejuvenation.</p>
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