02709nas a2200409   4500000000100000008004100001260001300042653001900055653001600074653002600090653001200116653002600128653002600154653002600180653002600206653002600232653002600258653002600284653002100310653002200331653001100353653001000364653001200374653001200386653001800398653001900416653001800435653001300453653003300466100001600499700001400515245010200529300001100631490000700642520163600649022001402285       2008                            d  c2008 Dec10aBone and Bones10aBrucellosis10aCommunicable Diseases10aFossils10aHistory, 15th Century10aHistory, 16th Century10aHistory, 17th Century10aHistory, 18th Century10aHistory, 19th Century10aHistory, 20th Century10aHistory, 21st Century10aHistory, Ancient10aHistory, Medieval10aHumans10aItaly10aleprosy10aMalaria10aOsteomyelitis10aPaleopathology10aPoliomyelitis10aSyphilis10aTuberculosis, Osteoarticular1 aSabbatani S1 aFiorino S00a[Contribution of paleopathology to defining the pathocoenosis of infectious diseases (Part one)].  a236-500 v163 a<p>Studying the remains of mummies obtained by archaeological research may provide key information concerning historical pathocoenosis. Paleopathology makes it possible to recognise, characterise and connect different features involved in human pathocoenosis, such as epidemiology, in a historical perspective, and cultural development, via the introduction of new livestock farming techniques and agriculture in general. Several distinct pathologies may produce direct and indirect changes in the skeleton of affected individuals. Therefore bone remains represent very important sources of information to study such diseases. Changes related to trauma and nutrition deficiency as well as secondary signs, induced by tuberculosis, brucellosis, leprosy, syphilis, malaria, periostitis and aspecific osteomyelitis, persist in bones. In addition, other diseases may cause indirect alterations and subsequent secondary bone in the skeleton via different mechanisms. A secondary bone dimorphism may be induced by poliomyelitis. Aspecific lesions may arise in a skeletal bone and then cause secondary alterations in near-bone segments. Reviewing studies of paleopathologic research found in the literature, we emphasize the relationship between the appearance of major infectious diseases and the development of human activities; whereas it is clear that the introduction of livestock farming had a key role in the pathocoenosis of distinct infections such as tuberculosis, brucellosis and leprosy, some doubts and uncertainty remain in relation to the origin of others with epidemiologically important pathologies, such as syphilis.</p>  a1124-9390