03006nas a2200529   4500000000100000008004100001260001300042653001500055653001000070653000900080653002500089653002000114653003000134653001100164653001100175653001700186653002100203653001900224653001900243653001800262653001800280653001800298653001800316653001200334653001600346653000900362653001600371653002500387653005200412653003000464653001800494100001600512700001500528700002000543700001500563700001800578700002100596700001600617700001600633700001100649245008300660856007800743300001100821490000800832520162200840022001402462       2007                            d  c2007 Jan10aAdolescent10aAdult10aAged10aCase-Control Studies10aCells, Cultured10aCytotoxicity, Immunologic10aFemale10aHumans10aImmunization10aInterferon-gamma10aInterleukin-1010aInterleukin-1310aInterleukin-210aInterleukin-410aInterleukin-610aInterleukin-910aleprosy10aMacrophages10aMale10aMiddle Aged10aMycobacterium leprae10aReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction10aStatistics, Nonparametric10aT-Lymphocytes1 aFiniasz M R1 aFranco M C1 aDe La Barrera S1 aRutitzky L1 aPizzariello G1 aCarmen Sasiain M1 aRenauld J-C1 aVan Snick J1 aFink S00aIL-9 promotes anti-Mycobacterium leprae cytotoxicity: involvement of IFNgamma.  uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810457/pdf/cei0147-0139.pdf  a139-470 v1473 a<p>Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a T-cell derived factor preferentially expressed by CD4+ Th2 cells and it has been characterized both in human and murine systems. It is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple functions on cells of the lymphoid, myeloid and mast cell lineages, as well as on lung epithelial cells. Other activities described for IL-9 support its contribution to asthma and its important role in helminthic infections, where a Th2 response can be protective and IL-9 enhances resistance or is responsible for elimination of the nematode. Nevertheless, until recently there were no studies on its role in bacterial infections in man. We have demonstrated that cytokines can modulate the specific cytotoxicity generation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients and normal controls. In the present report we studied the effect of IL-9 in this experimental model. Our results indicate that IL-9 can counteract the negative effect mediated by IL-4 on the generation of M. leprae-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, it can increase this lytic activity in controls and enhance the stimulatory effect of IL-2 or IL-6 in cells from leprosy patients and controls. IL-9 is also able to revert the inhibitory effect of IL-10 and IL-13 on the M. leprae-induced cytotoxic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of IL-9 remains to be determined, interferon gamma seems to be required for the effect of IL-9 in this experimental model. These data suggest that IL-9 may have an atypical Th2 behaviour and play a role in the modulation of the immune response to mycobacterial infections.</p>  a0009-9104