@inbook{104169,
  keywords = {Erythema Nodosum Leprosum, Hansen disease, Multibacillary, Mycobacterium leprae , Paucibacillary, Reversal reaction, Type 1 reactions, Type 2 reaction},
  author = {Dogra S and Sharma A},
  title = {Leprosy (including reactions)},
  abstract = {<p>Leprosy, or Hansen disease (HD), is an infection caused by <em>Mycobacterium leprae</em> and <em>Mycobacterium lepromatosis</em> affecting the skin, respiratory mucosa, peripheral nerves, and other organs. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), leprosy is diagnosed by at least one of the following cardinal signs: (1) definite loss of sensation in a pale (hypopigmented) or reddish skin patch; (2) thickened or enlarged peripheral nerve, with loss of sensation and/or weakness of the muscles supplied by that nerve; or (3) presence of acid-fast bacilli in a slit-skin smear. A patient’s cell-mediated immunity against <em>M. leprae</em> determines the presentation of leprosy, ranging from a few lesions (tuberculoid) to multiplicity of lesions (lepromatous). The WHO treatment regimen is rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for 6 months for paucibacillary HD and 12 months for multibacillary HD. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent disabilities. The leprosy reversal (type 1) reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum (type 2 reaction) can be treated with prednisone and thalidomide, respectively.</p>
},
  year = {2027},
  journal = {Treatment of Skin Disease},
  pages = {494 - 496},
  month = {09/2026},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  isbn = {9780443284199},
  doi = {10.1016/b978-0-443-28419-9.00132-5},
  language = {ENG},
}