@article{103410,
  keywords = {post-COVID-19 condition, Covid-19, long COVID, neuropsychiatry , neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Cognitive impairment, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, neuroinflammation},
  author = {Guzmán Priego CG and Villalpando JMG and Baeza Flores GDC and Ble Castillo JL and Celorio Méndez KDS and Juárez Rojop IE and Martínez López MC and López Villarreal SM and Rodríguez Luis OE and Quiroz Gómez S and Romero Tapia SDJ and García Orozco JM and López Nácar WS and Salinas Terrazas OO and Jiménez Aragón KA},
  title = {Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review and Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Neurofilament Light Chain and GFAP},
  abstract = {<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>

<p>Persistent cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms have been increasingly reported as part of the post-COVID-19 condition. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are circulating biomarkers of neuronal and astrocytic injury that increase during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, their role in long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae remains unclear.</p>

<p><strong>Objective:</strong></p>

<p>To provide a narrative overview of cognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 infection and to explore the association of plasma NfL and GFAP concentrations with cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms in individuals recovered from COVID-19.</p>

<p><strong>Methods:</strong></p>

<p>A narrative review of the literature was conducted, followed by an exploratory cross-sectional study including 41 adults recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were classified according to acute disease severity into two groups. Cognitive function was assessed using MoCA, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated using DASS-21. Plasma NfL and GFAP concentrations were measured by ELISA. Group comparisons and Spearman correlation analyses were performed.</p>

<p><strong>Results:</strong></p>

<p>A total of 41 individuals were studied; they recovered from moderate or severe COVID-19 and exhibited a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms compared with those who recovered from mild or asymptomatic infection. Plasma NfL and GFAP concentrations did not differ significantly between severity groups. NfL showed a weak association with the presence of post-COVID-19 condition.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions:</strong></p>

<p>This study highlights the high burden of persistent cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms following moderate and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. The absence of sustained elevations in circulating NfL and GFAP nearly two years after infection suggests that ongoing symptoms may involve mechanisms beyond overt neuronal or astrocytic injury.</p>
},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Brain Sciences},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {1-19},
  month = {02/2026},
  publisher = {MDPI AG},
  issn = {2076-3425},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/16/3/276/pdf},
  doi = {10.3390/brainsci16030276},
  language = {ENG},
}