@article{102811,
  keywords = {stigma assessment, Attitudes, cross-cultural adaptation, Cultural equivalence, Reliability},
  author = {Nwafor C and Murphy-Okpala N and Eze C and Ukwaja KN and Chukwu J and van Brakel W and Iyama F and Meka A and Njoku M and Ezeakile O and Dahiru T and Abdullahi S and Offor Bassey J and Sesere O and Ekeke N},
  title = {Cross-cultural validation of the Pidgin-English version of the EMIC-CSS and SDS among adults in Southern Nigeria},
  abstract = {<p><strong>Background</strong></p>

<p>Persons affected with leprosy encounter stigma. Evaluating the extent of stigma remains a challenge due to the absence of validated instruments. This study describes the cross-cultural validation of the Nigerian Pidgin-English version of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue Community Stigma Scale (P-EMIC-CSS) and the Social Distance Scale (P-SDS) in communities of people affected by leprosy in Cross River State, Southern Nigeria.</p>

<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>

<p>The cultural equivalence of the P-EMIC-CSS and P-SDS was qualitatively evaluated through a process of forward translation, back translation, group discussions, and pretest assessment. A cross-sectional study of community members in Cross River State was performed to assess the measurement equivalence. Overall, 114 respondents completed the test, and 26 of them had the retest.</p>

<p><strong>Results</strong></p>

<p>Conceptual, item, linguistic, and operational equivalences of the Pidgin version of the EMIC-CSS and SDS showed good fit. The relationship between the mean scores of the EMIC-CSS and the SDS revealed a weak positive correlation (r&nbsp;= 0.32;&nbsp;p&nbsp;= 0.001). Internal consistency of the P-EMIC-CSS and P-SDS full scales was 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The exploratory factor analysis for both scales suggested adequate fit as a one dimensional scale. The test–retest reliability coefficient for the EMIC-CSS and the SDS was 0.67 and 0.96, respectively. There were no floor or ceiling effects in the distribution of the EMIC-CSS; the SDS had no ceiling effect but had a floor effect.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p>

<p>The Pidgin versions of the EMIC-CSS and the SDS have adequate validity and reliability in assessing stigma in communities with people affected by leprosy in Cross River State, southern Nigeria.</p>
},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Leprosy Review},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {1-11},
  publisher = {Lepra},
  issn = {2162-8807},
  url = {https://leprosyreview.org/article/96/3/20-23112#:~:text=0-,Download,-A},
  doi = {10.47276/lr.96.3.2023112},
  language = {ENG},
}